中国自然保护地碳中和贡献的初步 评估及三个关键研究课题

自然保护地不仅对保护生物多样性具有重要意义,也在减缓气候变化、实现碳中和目标方面起到关键作用。中国自然保护地的碳中和贡献尚未得到充分的认识和关注,相关研究尚处于起步阶段。首先对中国陆域自然保护地的碳储量、碳吸收能力、人为碳排放水平展开初步评估,发现陆域自然保护地在保护高碳中和贡献生态系统方面存在不足。随后提出了中国自然保护地碳中和贡献研究的3个关键课题,分别是自然保护地碳循环作用机理研究、自然保护地碳中和贡献评估与管理、生物多样性保护和碳中和的协同治理。最后围绕关键课题提出14个具体研究问题,为中国自然保护地减缓气候变化的科学研究与管理实践构建系统框架。     

Impacts of climate and land‐cover changes on water resources in a humid subtropical watershed: a case study from East Texas,USA

This study investigates the response of water resources regarding the climate and land‐cover changes in a humid subtropical watershed during the period 1970–2009. A 0.7°C increase in temperature and a 16.3% increase in precipitation were observed. Temperature had a lower increase trend, and precipitation showed definite increasing trend compared to previous studies. The main trend of land‐cover change was conversion of vegetation and barren lands to developed and crop lands affected by human intervention, and forest and grass to bush/shrub which considered to be caused by natural climate system. Hydrologic responses to climate and land‐cover changes resulted in increases of surface run‐off (15.0%), soil water content (2.7%), evapotranspiration (20.1%) and a decrease in groundwater discharge (9.2%). We found that surface run‐off is relatively stable with precipitation, whereas groundwater discharge and soil water content are sensitive to changes in land cover, especially land cover brought about by human intervention.     

Atmospheric circulation patterns influencing variations in organic carbon fluxes in the River Oulujoki,Finland

Atmospheric circulation generally influences regional climate variability and thereby controls catchment hydrology and consequently transport of elements in natural riverine systems. This study examined dependencies between total organic carbon (TOC) variability in the River Oulujoki (Finland) during 1963–2011 and prominent atmospheric circulation patterns (ACPs), which manifest natural climatic conditions over Finland and control hydrological processes in the river catchment. North Atlantic Oscillation, Scandinavia, East Atlantic and East Atlantic/West Russia patterns were statistically significant ACPs affecting variations in TOC export at River Oulujoki lower basin area. In the River Oulujoki, TOC export was largely controlled by changes in TOC fluxes generated from tributaries of river and near areas to its main channel. Besides, runoff from Lake Oulujärvi slightly influenced TOC export variability in the River Oulujoki. Understanding such responses of TOC fluxes to ACPs is a useful tool for sustainable water resources planning and management on regional and local scales.     

The environmental impact of lightweight HCPV modules: efficient design and effective deployment

We present a life cycle analysis of a lightweight design of high concentration photovoltaic module. The materials and processes used in construction are considered to assess the total environmental impact of the module construction in terms of the cumulative energy demand and embodied greenhouse gas emissions, which were found to be 355.3 MJ and 27.9 kgCO_2eq respectively. We consider six potential deployment locations and the system energy payback times are calculated to be 0.22–0.33 years whilst the greenhouse gas payback times are 0.29–0.88 years. The emission intensities over the lifetimes of the systems are found to be 6.5–9.8 g CO_2eq/kWh, lower than those of other HCPV, PV and CSP technologies in similar locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湿热气候下高层办公楼气候适应性设计——以广东交通设计大厦为例

揭示湿热气候下高层办公楼气候适应性设计策略与应用逻辑,为我国高层办公楼的绿色设计提供借鉴与参考。运用建筑气候适应性思想,聚焦方案设计阶段,通过案例归纳与分析气候特征,总结湿热气候下绿色高层办公楼在隔热、遮阳、通风、节能方面的设计策略。并通过广东交通设计大厦项目实践,在城市、建筑与细部尺度将气候适应性设计策略有效运用,深刻塑造了建筑的形体与空间特色。高层办公楼气候适应性设计,有益于创造出适应气候环境、更加节能健康的绿色建筑。     

一种应对气候变化的适应性城市植物 配置方法

全球气候变化威胁着本就脆弱的城市生态系统。探索具有气候适应性的植物配置方法,是应对气候变化、保护城市生物多样性和稳定城市生态系统的有效手段。介绍一种能够在气候变化大背景下持续稳定地提供生态系统服务的适应性城市植物配置方法。以苏南地区为例,首先对植物材料的物种特性与适应性进行研究与编码,再根据植物群落的抵抗力稳定性、结构多样性以及场所审美文化和成本因素的综合考虑进行配置。为城市植物群落应对气候变化,提升城市植物群落的生态系统服务功能提供新思路。     

气候变化健康风险的城市空间影响及规划干预

气候变化通过多种途径威胁城市居民的健康,导致突发致命风险、慢性非传染病风险、传染病风险和心理健康风险等4种类型的健康风险。城市空间要素对于气候变化导致的居民健康风险起着重要影响作用,本文建立"气候变化-空间要素-健康风险"关系框架,提出规划理念应从规划目标和服务主体方面积极转变,以应对气候变化导致的居民健康风险,进一步提出积极开展气候变化健康风险评估,并在总体规划、专项规划和详细规划阶段将健康风险评估融入国土空间规划体系的具体建议。     

Linking disaster resilience and sustainability

Resilience and sustainability have both gained traction in civil engineering. There is significant overlap between both fields, but practitioners tend to remain confined to their niche. This paper clarifies the link between both fields, reflects on the underlying concepts, and identifies challenges and opportunities in understanding complex problems involving both resilience and sustainability. A conceptual framework is proposed for understanding resilience and sustainability together. The example of a coastal town subject to sea-level rise and large storms is used to motivate the framework. The example is used to evaluate the use of discount rates for events in the distant future. The results are discussed to determine our ability to decide whether such scenarios are sustainable. The conclusion is that computational approaches will be inadequate. Rather, there is a need for qualitative thinking that embraces ambiguity and unmeasurable uncertainty.     

Resilient urban drainage – Options of an optimized area-management

There is a need for an integrated approach for all involved stakeholders to adapt urban infrastructures to climate change effects and to take into account uncertainties of future developments. By integrating all relevant planning disciplines, a first step towards implementation of resilient technical and social infrastructures can be achieved. With the major goal of optimizing area-management as part of water sensitive urban design, the water sector and its area requirements build the main focus of this study. After identifying local flood hazards and potential surficial retention areas, the additional usage of decentralized stormwater management facilities for flood protection is tested in selected sectors. The results of the study confirm that the combined usage of decentralized facilities for pluvial flooding is a first step to protect urban infrastructure. It shows that decentralized facilities are more flexible than centralized facilities and, thus, have a higher adaptation capacity which is needed considering the various effects of climate change.